accent(s), 14, 117, 118, 119, 121, 130, 132, 177
active viewing, 172, 173, 176
age, 13, 21, 22, 31, 62, 87, 103
ambiguity, 52, 57, 58, 59
assimilation, 33, 48
attitude, 73, 91, 130
aural/oral method, 5
authentic/authenticity, 14, 15, 16, 17, 72, 172, 176, 177, 192, 200, 201, 202, 204
automatic processing, 28
autonomous learner, 16
back-channeling, 89, 116
beliefs, 87, 108, 171
child/children/childhood, 21, 22, 31, 42, 44, 50, 54, 59, 61, 98–99, 125
coherence, 39, 40, 48
cohesion, 39
consonants, 10, 22, 31, 34
controlled processing, 28
conversation
closings, 53, 116
openings, 53, 116
topics, 53
dialogue, xii, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 88, 89, 103, 104, 116, 126, 128, 135, 205
drills, 8, 9, 10, 170, 171, 178
elision, 33
ellipsis, 14, 39
ethnicity, 62, 87
fillers, 14, 111
fricatives, 34
gender, 87
genre/generic, 42, 43, 48, 49, 94, 102, 146, 167, 168, 174, 175
gestures, 55, 57
grammar, xi, 4, 5, 6, 8, 19, 33, 36, 67, 98, 106, 180, 181, 189, 192
group work, 69, 157, 179
hear/hearing/hearer, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 27, 28, 35, 37, 44, 52, 67, 73, 74, 76, 77, 89, 93, 94, 95, 104, 114, 128, 134, 136, 139, 153, 160, 166, 170, 199, 200
hesitation(s), 14, 48, 111
Human information-processing system, 23
inferencing, 7, 69, 75, 81, 100, 101, 108, 114, 132, 189
input, 12, 181, 185
integrated model,
intonation, 12, 33, 37, 51, 56, 57, 70, 81, 105, 115, 170, 206
knowledge
kinesic, xii, 30, 45
phonological, 30
pragmatic, xii, 26, 30, 40, 46
semantic, xii, 24, 26, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 46, 199
syntactic, xii, 24, 26, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 46, 199
learner centered, 87, 139, 145
learning goals, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18
learning strategies, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 80, 92, 102
learning styles, xii, 27, 29, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 81, 87, 179
lectures, 48, 49, 71, 72, 80, 90, 94, 111, 112, 137, 138, 145, 146, 147, 155, 162
lexis/vocabulary, 10, 37, 92, 198
listening
active, 134
extensive, 136, 165, 168, 194, 196
fluency, 19
for information, 8, 13, 17, 105, 153
for specific vocabulary, 8
intensive listening, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177
memory sensors
long term, xii, 23, 24, 28
short term, xii, 23, 24, 28, 112
minimal pairs, 199
monologue, xii, 52, 88, 89, 145
nationality, 87, 117, 118
native speakers, 5, 34, 67, 165, 166
nonnative speakers, 51
output, 12
overhearer, 89
paralinguistics, 41, 75, 101, 172
parallel processing, 26
parsing, 6, 35, 36, 70
pauses(s), 50, 51, 54, 56, 57, 60, 61, 70, 176
pedagogical model, xi, xii, xiii, 28, 97, 98, 124, 162, 183, 194, 195, 196, 198, 202, 208, 209, 210
pedagogy, xii, 14, 29, 30, 36, 59, 89, 92, 181
phonemes, 10, 24, 30, 31, 198, 199
phonology, 27, 37, 46, 87
planned/unplanned, 49
plosives, 34
proportions, 39, 40, 41
psycholinguistic models,
bottom-up, xii, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29
interactive, xii, 24, 26, 28, 29
top-down, xii, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29
psycho-perceptual processing, 52
questions
postlistening, 185, 189, 190, 191
prelistening, 185, 186, 189, 191
while-listening, 185, 186, 189, 190
reformulation, 52, 55, 89, 140, 144, 145
register, 94
repair, xii, 52, 56, 57, 59, 89, 157
rhythm, 32, 154
schema/schemata, 16, 17, 25, 26, 27, 28, 77, 87, 94, 153, 176, 189
segmentals, 10, 11
self-access center, 162, 172
spoken text
interactional language, 47, 59
spokenness, 48, 49
transactional language, 47, 59
strategies
cognitive, 67, 68, 75, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 116
effective, 16, 17, 62, 69, 70, 82
ineffective, 69, 70, 82
metacognitive, 67, 68, 69, 74, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 116, 146
socioaffective, 67, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 116, 123
stress, 10, 12, 31, 32, 33, 51, 81, 105, 115, 206
styles
deep learners, 63
field-dependence, 63
field-independence, 63
strategic learners, 64
surface learners, 63
suprasegmentals, 10
syntax, 27, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 57, 87, 92
teaching approaches, xi, 3
teaching methods, 6, 19, 64, 68, 69, 171, 184, 191
technology
audio taperecorder, xii, 165, 167, 168, 171, 182
CD-Rom, 178, 179, 180
computer (CALL), 178, 183
language laboratory, xii, 165, 171, 172, 183, 203
radio, xii, 19, 48, 49, 71, 91, 93, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 182, 183
TV, 166
video, xii, 45, 75, 80, 81, 92, 138, 141, 155, 165, 166, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 193, 207
WWW, 181
tests/testing
achievement, 203, 204, 206
diagnostic, 203, 204, 206
placement, 202, 203, 204, 206
proficiency, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206
textbooks, xii, 98
advanced, 98–99, 111, 114
beginners, 98, 102
intermediate, 106, 110
low-intermediate, 103, 106
textual cues, 7
TOEFL, 7, 155, 156
tone, 10, 15, 32, 33, 40, 42, 48, 51, 75, 188
turn-taking, xii, 52, 57, 59, 89, 116
two-phase pattern drill, 10
unauthentic, 177
utilization, 70
values, 87, 135
viewing for pleasure, 174
visual support, 192, 193, 197, 204, 205
vowels, 22, 31, 34
wash-back, 8
written text
writtenness, 48, 49