abstraction 36, 37–8, 55
accommodation 35, 48–52, 55, 56, 102, 131, 161, 198, 219–20, 237–8, 240, 243, 246, 247, 249
adjustment 218–19, 229
affiliation 48, 56, 206, 224, 226–9, 231, 245
alignment 115, 175, 206, 220, 225, 228, 229, 247
allo-repetition 114, 220
analytic 122, 142, 199
approximation 41–3, 47, 48, 56–7, 88, 92, 102–4, 108–9, 111, 116, 117, 121, 129, 142–5, 161, 175, 209, 217, 225, 244, 245, 246–7, 248
autonomous word 94, 96
back-channelling 52, 56, 93, 95, 99, 175, 192, 197, 222, 238, 245
bottom-up 42, 185
boundary 38–9, 115, 122, 128, 138, 206, 208–12, 230
Bråten, S. 44, 46
Bybee, J. 34, 37–8, 41, 43, 89, 100, 112, 115, 140
calquing 35, 139, 247
chunk 4, 11, 38, 43, 110, 116, 121, 136, 141, 199, 208, 211, 230
CLIL
See Content and Language Integrated Learning
closed-class word 93, 100–1, 137, 245, 246
collaborative completion 44, 52, 113, 115
collocation 43, 93, 111–12, 115–16, 121, 139, 141, 151, 170
compositionality 31, 41, 114–15, 142
comprehensibility 2, 7–8, 18, 20, 25, 29, 30, 32, 35–6, 43, 51, 54, 56, 117, 123, 130–1, 144, 150, 156, 160, 182, 183, 206, 219–20, 230, 241, 242
concessive repair 53, 206, 214, 219
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) 8, 79, 236
Content-constructing item 94, 96, 98
content orientation 52–3, 94, 168, 195, 199, 216, 225, 226, 229, 230
conventionalisation 41, 43, 114, 115, 140–4, 151, 182, 247
co-text 103, 109, 115, 116, 128
Croft, W. 2, 18, 26, 37, 47
cross-linguistic influence 16, 29, 33, 243, 250
Dabrowska, E. 37, 38, 42, 43, 89, 92, 112, 115–16, 130, 133, 136
deictic item 94, 95, 97, 98–9, 124
differentiator 104–5, 123–5, 128–9, 140, 162n, 211, 217–18, 231n
diffusion 7, 20, 26–7, 33, 34, 35, 47, 50, 54, 55, 161, 205, 227, 231, 247, 249
discourse reflexivity 2, 53, 150, 170, 173, 178, 181
discourse universal 181, 197
domain loss 236
dysfluency 38, 84, 122, 135–6, 204, 205, 212, 246, 248
EAP
See English for academic purposes
echoing 49, 56, 108, 113–15, 121, 141, 220–9, 230–1, 245, 247
elucidation 176–7
emic 215
endonormative 6, 25
English as a native language (ENL) 2, 7, 8–9, 32, 34, 41, 43, 51, 53, 56, 57, 68, 70, 72, 77, 78, 81–2, 83–4, 89–96, 104–5, 106, 107, 116–17, 123–8, 133, 134, 135, 142, 143, 145–58, 161, 169, 170, 177, 179–80, 182, 183–6, 187, 190–1, 193, 198–9, 204–5, 208–9, 210–11, 212, 217–19, 229–30, 231, 235, 239, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247–8, 250
English for academic purposes (EAP) 69–70, 71–2, 235
English for specific purposes (ESP) 69–70, 235
ENL
See English as a native language
entrenchment 4, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 92, 116, 117, 130, 131, 133, 135–6, 143, 145, 151, 183, 217, 229, 244, 247
ESP
See English for specific purposes
etic 215
evaluative item 94, 98, 99, 105, 106, 117
evolution 45, 89, 96–9, 124, 249
exonormative 25
explicitation 35–6, 51, 137, 168, 184, 199, 220, 230, 238, 245, 249
external criterion 74, 78
facework 179, 181, 219, 225–6, 229, 230, 231, 245
false start 38, 110, 135, 187, 191, 192, 195, 206, 209, 212–13, 218, 230, 245–6
formal approximation 102–3, 109
form-based 101, 103, 112, 216–17, 229
fronting 191–2
glocalization 19, 28
Graddoll, D. 9, 17
grammaticalisation 100
Granger, S. 28, 41, 91, 103, 104, 105, 141, 143, 149, 155–6
Granovetter, M. 21, 27
header 181, 193, 196
hedging 45, 52, 53, 170, 179, 185, 216, 228, 238
hesitation 36, 38–40, 50, 57, 82, 85n, 90, 93, 95, 99, 108, 109, 113, 133, 135–6, 146, 187, 191, 199, 205, 208–9, 211, 212, 217, 230, 246, 248, 255
House, J. 42, 52
hybridity 29–30, 33, 36, 92, 242
Hynninen, N. 7, 8, 10, 19, 25, 49, 50, 51, 75, 77, 122, 234
innovation 3, 7, 20, 22, 25–8, 35–6, 44, 47, 54, 55, 152, 199, 247
interactional organiser 53, 93–6, 99, 117, 128
interpretation 176–7
irregularity 32, 34, 89, 101, 126, 130, 131, 150
Jenkins, J. 3, 9, 10, 17, 49, 51, 235, 237
koinéisation 28–9
Kortmann, B. 2, 123, 127, 149
learner corpora 76, 79, 84, 155–6, 250
learner language 3–4, 6, 51, 77, 91, 92, 102, 107, 116–17, 122, 123, 125, 129, 141, 143, 155, 198, 248, 250
left dislocation 191–2, 193–4
levelling 28, 31–3, 35, 49
lexical approximation 104, 116, 117, 121
lexical distribution 89–108, 128–9
lexical searching 38, 108, 111–13, 117, 209–10
lexical simplification 91–3, 105, 116–17
lexical storage 108, 115–16, 140
listenership 52, 56, 95, 168, 245
long-term memory 39, 41, 115
marked 30–2
matching 207, 224, 225
matching speaker perspectives 229, 231, 245, 249
meaning-bearing 212
Milroy, J. 21, 22, 26, 27–8, 34, 47, 243
Milroy, L. 16, 18, 21, 22, 26, 27–8, 34, 47
minimal response token 99, 190, 216, 222
misunderstanding 7, 160, 186, 229, 237
modified repetition 207
multifunctionality 94, 95, 98, 206
multi-word unit 11, 35, 41, 57, 105, 115, 121–2, 138–44, 153, 246–7
near-synonym 103, 105, 112, 184
non-standard 6, 42, 43, 47, 50, 51, 56, 71, 82, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 144, 150, 161, 228, 231, 244, 247, 248, 249
norm 4, 6, 7–8, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 46, 116, 127, 132, 241, 242
open choice principle 116, 144
open-class word 44, 93, 98, 99, 100–1, 139, 245, 246
organising word 94–6, 99, 117
other-repetition 36, 49, 56, 108, 114, 206, 220, 228–9, 230–1
Pagel, M. 34, 89, 92, 96–8, 99, 117, 124, 244
paraphrase 137, 176, 207, 215, 216, 220, 224, 225
plane-change 181, 188–9, 191
plurilingual 4, 22, 240, 243
processing load 41, 136, 142, 210, 230, 246
processing trouble 39, 40, 108
prospection 42, 132–3, 138, 160, 171, 188, 249
Ranta, E. 3, 10, 75, 77, 122, 127, 137, 235, 244
rapidly evolving item 97, 99
reflexivity 168, 169, 171
register 10, 22, 24, 54, 77–8, 85n, 91, 104, 117, 125, 148–9
regularisation 30, 34, 123, 126, 127, 130, 131, 137, 138, 161, 244
relational practice 226–7
repeat 39, 40, 82, 135–6, 146, 187, 206–13, 217–18, 219, 230, 246, 248
repertoire 4, 6, 15, 22, 24, 29, 33, 37, 38, 73, 116, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 161, 183, 192, 239, 240
rephrasing 11, 35, 51, 108–10, 115, 116, 117, 121, 168, 184–91, 199, 204–5, 206–8, 211, 212, 213, 214–20, 225, 229, 230, 238, 245, 246, 248
right dislocation 193–4, 196
salience 29, 42, 43, 110, 112, 136, 137, 150, 158, 228, 231
second language acquisition (SLA) 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 28, 31, 38, 41, 48, 85n, 103, 116, 122, 123, 130, 139, 142, 146, 184, 199, 205, 217
second language use (SLU) 2, 4, 5, 7, 25, 34, 39, 56, 72, 82, 84, 100, 105, 106, 115, 117, 121, 122, 125, 128, 130, 131, 133, 135, 141, 144, 145, 160, 161, 229, 243, 247, 250
second-language varieties 3, 123, 161, 235, 248
second-order language contact 29–30, 33, 35, 55, 138, 167, 248
Seidlhofer, B. 10, 19, 51, 122, 235
self-regulated 20
self-repair 40, 133, 183–4, 186, 187t, 204, 206, 208, 213–14, 215, 217
self-rephrase 110, 121, 184, 185, 186, 190, 199, 204, 206, 212, 214–17, 230
semantic approximation 102–3, 109
semantic prosody 112
short-term memory 47, 115, 168, 212
similect 28–30, 31, 33, 35, 49, 55, 56, 79, 244, 248
Sinclair, J. McH. 35, 42, 43, 45, 53, 74, 81, 112, 116, 128, 132, 136, 139, 140, 144, 149, 156, 169, 175, 178, 181, 185, 207, 211
situational word 94, 96, 98
SLA
See second language acquisition
slowly evolving item 3, 89, 96–9
SLU
See second language use
speech event 15, 50, 53, 56, 74–5, 80, 100, 149, 157, 159, 175, 179, 180
springboard 176–7
staggering 39, 230
standard language 2, 6, 10, 20, 41, 53, 68, 88, 101–2, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 135, 137, 143, 145, 155, 158, 160, 161, 180, 182, 200, 235, 238, 242, 246, 247
strong tie 21, 27–8, 34, 35
Swales, J. M. 20, 21, 69, 72, 92, 100, 148, 183–4, 185, 186, 206, 241, 251n
synthetic 122, 199
tack change 150, 158, 170, 186–7, 189, 190, 194, 206
tail 196, 238
textual organiser 93–5, 96, 99, 117, 128
Thomason, S. G. 26, 27, 30, 47, 48, 92, 138, 243
token 91, 92, 93, 96, 99, 118n, 147, 211, 216, 238, 257
top-down process 54, 160, 249
transfer 7, 16, 20, 28–9, 30, 79
transparency 31, 41, 56, 130, 150, 192, 199, 238, 244
trigram 135–6, 141, 145–8, 150, 162n, 211, 217, 231n
Trudgill, P. 16, 26, 28, 31, 32, 35, 47, 49, 92, 102, 126, 137
turn-initial 128, 150, 190, 193, 194, 210, 213, 230, 246
turn-internal 213
unmarked 31–2, 34
usage-based 37
weak tie 21–2, 27, 28, 161
Widdowson, H. G. 7, 9
word frequency 11, 33–4, 37, 55–6, 82, 88–90, 93, 95–6, 97, 98, 100, 104, 105, 107, 112, 116–17, 123, 124, 127, 128, 133, 135, 140, 145, 154–5, 158, 160, 161, 247–8, 249–50
working memory 37, 39, 43, 114, 115, 130, 137, 146, 183, 205
World Englishes 2, 161, 244, 248
Zipf’s Law 89–90